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Sepsis is a leading cause of death in many intensive care units [1]. The pathophysiology of sepsis is characterized by a dysregulation of the immune system in response to infection or secondary to trauma. Initial hyperinflammation often results in septic shock. Simultaneously, part of the immune system is deactivated leading to a emporary but often deadly immunosuppression. In attempting to arrive...
The coordinated, emergent regulation of nervous, endocrine, hemodynamic and metabolic processes in response to critical illness is characterized by marked release of catecholamines. Despite several-fold increases in circulating catecholamines, which correlate with clinical outcome, there is a limited understanding of the receptor and cellular consequences of this fundamental critical illness response...
Although the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in bacterial infection and sepsis is well characterized, recent studies have also shown that TLR4 can play an important role in contributing to acute inflammatory processes and organ dysfunction in settings in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or other bacterial products are not present. In particular, there is increasing evidence that TLR4 is not just...
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gas with the characteristic odor of rotten eggs, is known for its toxicity and as an environmental hazard [1–5]. Recently H2S has been recognized as a signaling molecule of the cardiovascular, inflammatory and nervous systems. Alongside with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide, it is now referred to as the “third endogenous gaseous transmitter” [6]. Inhalation of gaseous...
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